PVSystems.Control

Control elements for power converters

Information

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Package (Icon for standard packages).

Package Content

Name	Description
SwitchingPWM	Generates a pulse width modulated (PWM) boolean fire signal
SwitchingCPM	Current Peak Mode modulator for switching models
DeadTime	Introduces a dead time in complementary PWM firing signals
CPM_CCM	Current Peak Mode modulator for averaged CCM models
CPM	Current Peak Mode modulator for averaged models
Park	Park transformation
InversePark	Inverse Park transformation
PLL	Phase-locked loop
MPPTController	Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller
Assemblies	Block assemblies useful in PV and power electronics
Interfaces	Common interfaces for control blocks

PVSystems.Control.SwitchingPWM

Generates a pulse width modulated (PWM) boolean fire signal

PVSystems.Control.SwitchingPWM

Information

Generate boolean firing signal from duty cycle input. Adapted from SignalPWM.

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Icons.Block (Basic graphical layout of input/output block).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Real	dMax	1	Maximum duty cycle
Real	dMin	0	Minimum duty cycle
Frequency	fs		Switching frequency [Hz]
Time	startTime	0	Start time [s]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input RealInput	vc	Control voltage
output BooleanOutput	c1	Firing PWM signal

Modelica definition

block SwitchingPWM "Generates a pulse width modulated (PWM) boolean fire signal" extends Modelica.Blocks.Icons.Block; parameter Real dMax=1 "Maximum duty cycle"; parameter Real dMin=0 "Minimum duty cycle"; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Frequency fs "Switching frequency"; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Time startTime=0 "Start time"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput vc "Control voltage"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanOutput c1 "Firing PWM signal"; Modelica.Blocks.Nonlinear.Limiter limiter(uMax=dMax, uMin=dMin); Modelica.Blocks.Logical.Less greaterEqual; Modelica.Blocks.Sources.SawTooth sawtooth( final period=1/fs, final amplitude=1, final nperiod=-1, final offset=0, final startTime=startTime); equation connect(vc, limiter.u); connect(sawtooth.y, greaterEqual.u1); connect(limiter.y, greaterEqual.u2); connect(greaterEqual.y, c1); end SwitchingPWM;

PVSystems.Control.SwitchingCPM

Current Peak Mode modulator for switching models

PVSystems.Control.SwitchingCPM

Information

Current-programmed mode (CPM), i.e. Peak Current Mode modulator switching model. Generates PWM signal based on sensed current signal vs and control current signal vc. Also outputs the artificial ramp signal.

Model taken from EM01 and EMA16.

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Icons.Block (Basic graphical layout of input/output block).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Real	dMin	0	Minimum duty cycle
Real	dMax	1	Maximum duty cycle
Frequency	fs		Switching frequency [Hz]
Time	startTime	0	Time instant of first pulse [s]
Voltage	Va		Amplitude of artificial ramp [V]
Voltage	vcMax		Maximum control voltage [V]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input RealInput	vc	Control voltage
input RealInput	vs	Sensed voltage
output BooleanOutput	c	Boolean firing signal
output RealOutput	ramp	Artificial ramp signal

Modelica definition

block SwitchingCPM "Current Peak Mode modulator for switching models" extends Modelica.Blocks.Icons.Block; parameter Real dMin( final min=Modelica.Constants.small, final max=1) = 0 "Minimum duty cycle"; parameter Real dMax( final min=Modelica.Constants.small, final max=1) = 1 "Maximum duty cycle"; // TODO: assert dMax > dMin parameter Modelica.SIunits.Frequency fs(final min=Modelica.Constants.small) "Switching frequency"; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Time startTime(final min=0) = 0 "Time instant of first pulse"; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage Va(final min=0) "Amplitude of artificial ramp"; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage vcMax "Maximum control voltage"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput vc "Control voltage"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput vs "Sensed voltage"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanOutput c "Boolean firing signal"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput ramp "Artificial ramp signal"; Modelica.Blocks.Logical.GreaterEqual greaterEqual; Modelica.Blocks.Logical.RSFlipFlop rSFlipFlop; Modelica.Blocks.Math.Add addVa; Modelica.Blocks.Sources.SawTooth artificialRamp( amplitude=Va, period=1/fs, nperiod=-1, offset=0, startTime=startTime); Modelica.Blocks.Nonlinear.Limiter vcLimiter(uMax=vcMax, uMin=0); Modelica.Blocks.Sources.BooleanPulse dMinLimiter( period=1/fs, startTime=startTime, width=100*dMin); Modelica.Blocks.Sources.BooleanPulse dMaxLimiter( period=1/fs, startTime=startTime + dMax/fs, width=100*(1 - dMax)); Modelica.Blocks.Logical.Or orBlock; equation connect(addVa.u1, vs); connect(artificialRamp.y, addVa.u2); connect(ramp, artificialRamp.y); connect(rSFlipFlop.QI, c); connect(addVa.y, greaterEqual.u1); connect(vc, vcLimiter.u); connect(vcLimiter.y, greaterEqual.u2); connect(dMinLimiter.y, rSFlipFlop.R); connect(greaterEqual.y, orBlock.u2); connect(orBlock.y, rSFlipFlop.S); connect(dMaxLimiter.y, orBlock.u1); end SwitchingCPM;

PVSystems.Control.DeadTime

Introduces a dead time in complementary PWM firing signals

PVSystems.Control.DeadTime

Information

Given an input boolean firing signal, output that signal and it's complement with deadTime seconds of dead time.

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Icons.Block (Basic graphical layout of input/output block).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Time	deadTime	0	Dead time [s]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input BooleanInput	c	PWM input
output BooleanOutput	c1	PWM output
output BooleanOutput	c2	PWM complement

Modelica definition

block DeadTime "Introduces a dead time in complementary PWM firing signals" extends Modelica.Blocks.Icons.Block; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Time deadTime=0 "Dead time"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput c "PWM input"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanOutput c1 "PWM output"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanOutput c2 "PWM complement"; Modelica.Blocks.MathBoolean.OnDelay c1_onDelay(delayTime=deadTime); Modelica.Blocks.MathBoolean.OnDelay c2_onDelay(delayTime=deadTime); Modelica.Blocks.Logical.Not notBlock; equation connect(c1_onDelay.y, c1); connect(c2_onDelay.y, c2); connect(notBlock.y, c2_onDelay.u); connect(c, c1_onDelay.u); connect(c, notBlock.u); end DeadTime;

PVSystems.Control.CPM_CCM

Current Peak Mode modulator for averaged CCM models

PVSystems.Control.CPM_CCM

Information

Current-Programmed-Mode controller model. Computes duty ratio based on averaged inductor current, voltages applied to the inductor, and amplitude of the artificial ramp. This CPM controller model is valid only for CCM operation of the powerconverter. All parameters and inputs are referred to the primary side.

Limitation: does not include sampling effects or preditions of period-doubling instability.

Model taken from EM01 and EMA16.

Extends from Interfaces.CPMInterface (Common interface for averaged CPM block).

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Inductance	L	Equivalent inductance, referred to primary [H]
Frequency	fs	Switching frequency [Hz]
Voltage	Va	Amplitude of the artificial ramp, Va=Rf*ma/fs [V]
Resistance	Rf	Equivalent current-sense resistance [Ohm]
Real	d_disabled	Value of duty cycle when disabled [1]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input RealInput	vc	Control input, vc=Rf*ic
input RealInput	vs	Sensed average inductor current vs=Rf*iL
input RealInput	vm1	Voltage across L in interval 1, slope m1=vm1/L
input RealInput	vm2	(-) Voltage across L in interval 2, slope m2=vm2/L
output RealOutput	d	Duty cycle
input BooleanInput	enable	Block enable/disable

Modelica definition

model CPM_CCM "Current Peak Mode modulator for averaged CCM models" extends Interfaces.CPMInterface; parameter Real d_disabled(final unit="1") "Value of duty cycle when disabled"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput enable "Block enable/disable"; equation if enable then d = 2*(vc - vs)/(Rf/L/fs*(vm1 + vm2)*(1 - d) + 2*Va); else d = d_disabled; end if; end CPM_CCM;

PVSystems.Control.CPM

Current Peak Mode modulator for averaged models

PVSystems.Control.CPM

Information

Current-Programmed-Mode controller model. Computes duty ratio based on averaged inductor current, voltages applied to the inductor, and amplitude of the artificial ramp. The CPM controller model is valid for CCM and DCM operation of the power converter. All parameters and inputs are referred to the primary side.

Limitation: does not include sampling effects or preditions of period-doubling instability.

Model taken from EM01 and EMA16.

Extends from Interfaces.CPMInterface (Common interface for averaged CPM block).

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Inductance	L	Equivalent inductance, referred to primary [H]
Frequency	fs	Switching frequency [Hz]
Voltage	Va	Amplitude of the artificial ramp, Va=Rf*ma/fs [V]
Resistance	Rf	Equivalent current-sense resistance [Ohm]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input RealInput	vc	Control input, vc=Rf*ic
input RealInput	vs	Sensed average inductor current vs=Rf*iL
input RealInput	vm1	Voltage across L in interval 1, slope m1=vm1/L
input RealInput	vm2	(-) Voltage across L in interval 2, slope m2=vm2/L
output RealOutput	d	Duty cycle

Modelica definition

model CPM "Current Peak Mode modulator for averaged models" extends Interfaces.CPMInterface; protected Real d2; equation d2 = min(L*fs*(vc - Va*d)/Rf/vm2, 1 - d); d = 2*(vc*(d + d2) - vs)/(Rf/L/fs*(vm1 + vm2)*d2*(d + d2) + 2*Va*(d + d2)); end CPM;

PVSystems.Control.Park

Park transformation

PVSystems.Control.Park

Information

Perform Park transformation. This transformation translates from the static reference frame (alfa-beta) to the synchronous reference frame (d-q).

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Icons.Block (Basic graphical layout of input/output block).

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input RealInput	alpha
input RealInput	beta
output RealOutput	d
output RealOutput	q
input RealInput	theta

Modelica definition

block Park "Park transformation" extends Modelica.Blocks.Icons.Block; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput alpha; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput beta; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput d; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput q; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput theta; equation d = alpha*cos(theta) + beta*sin(theta); q = -alpha*sin(theta) + beta*cos(theta); end Park;

PVSystems.Control.InversePark

Inverse Park transformation

PVSystems.Control.InversePark

Information

Perform inverse Park transformation. This transformation translates from the synchronous reference frame (d-q) to the static reference frame (alfa-beta).

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Icons.Block (Basic graphical layout of input/output block).

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input RealInput	d
input RealInput	q
output RealOutput	alpha
output RealOutput	beta
input RealInput	theta

Modelica definition

block InversePark "Inverse Park transformation" extends Modelica.Blocks.Icons.Block; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput d; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput q; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput alpha; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput beta; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput theta; equation d = alpha*cos(theta) + beta*sin(theta); q = -alpha*sin(theta) + beta*cos(theta); end InversePark;

PVSystems.Control.PLL

Phase-locked loop

PVSystems.Control.PLL

Information

Phase-locked loop. Given a sinusoidal input, extract the phase.

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Icons.Block (Basic graphical layout of input/output block).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Frequency	frequency	50	[Hz]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input RealInput	v
output RealOutput	theta

Modelica definition

block PLL "Phase-locked loop" extends Modelica.Blocks.Icons.Block; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Frequency frequency=50; Modelica.Blocks.Continuous.Integrator integrator; Modelica.Blocks.Continuous.FirstOrder firstOrder(T=1e-3, k=100); Modelica.Blocks.Nonlinear.FixedDelay QuarterTDelay(delayTime=1/frequency/4); Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput v; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput theta; Park park; Modelica.Blocks.Math.Add add; Modelica.Blocks.Sources.Constant lineFreq(k=2*Modelica.Constants.pi*frequency); equation connect(v, park.alpha); connect(QuarterTDelay.y, park.beta); connect(QuarterTDelay.u, v); connect(integrator.y, theta); connect(park.theta, integrator.y); connect(add.y, integrator.u); connect(firstOrder.y, add.u2); connect(lineFreq.y, add.u1); connect(park.q, firstOrder.u); end PLL;

PVSystems.Control.MPPTController

Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller

PVSystems.Control.MPPTController

Information

Maximum power-point tracking controller. Given the DC voltage and current, this controller will output a moving reference for a DC voltage control loop in order to maximize the power extracted from a PV array for a given (unknown) solar irradiation and junction temperature.

The operation of the block can be customized by setting the following parameters:

sampleTime: sample time of the control block. The control output will be updated with this period.
vrefStep: amount of change to vref when updated.
pkThreshold: amount of power below which it is considered that no change in power has occurred.

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.SI2SO (2 Single Input / 1 Single Output continuous control block).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Time	sampleTime	1	Sample time of control block [s]
Voltage	vrefStep	5	Step of change for vref [V]
Power	pkThreshold	1	Power threshold below which no change is considered [W]
Voltage	vrefStart	10	Voltage reference initial value [V]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input RealInput	u1	Connector of Real input signal 1
input RealInput	u2	Connector of Real input signal 2
output RealOutput	y	Connector of Real output signal

Modelica definition

block MPPTController "Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller" extends Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.SI2SO; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Time sampleTime=1 "Sample time of control block"; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage vrefStep=5 "Step of change for vref"; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Power pkThreshold=1 "Power threshold below which no change is considered"; parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage vrefStart=10 "Voltage reference initial value"; protected discrete Modelica.SIunits.Voltage vk; discrete Modelica.SIunits.Current ik; discrete Modelica.SIunits.Power pk; discrete Modelica.SIunits.Voltage vref(start=vrefStart); equation when sample(sampleTime, sampleTime) then vk = pre(u1); ik = pre(u2); pk = vk*ik; if abs(pk - pre(pk)) < pkThreshold then // power unchanged => don't change vref vref = pre(vref); elseif pk - pre(pk) > 0 then // power increased => repeat last action vref = pre(vref) + vrefStep*sign(vk - pre(vk)); else // power decreased => change last action vref = pre(vref) - vrefStep*sign(vk - pre(vk)); end if; end when; y = vref; end MPPTController;

Automatically generated Mon Sep 11 16:11:48 2017.